Knowledge

Frequently asked questions

Pig farming
Chicken breeding
Duck farming
Cattle breeding
01

How to use less antibiotics but still ensure pig growth?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

02

How beneficial is the design of the Cage - Dan Hamlet technology?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

03

New piglets for 3 days, go yellow, then white feces, what's the reason?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

04

Why do sows give birth but do not breastfeed?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

05

What should be done to limit diarrhea when converting bran?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

06

Why change bran, pigs or diarrhea?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

07

What is the right barn temperature for piglets?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

01

How to use less antibiotics but still ensure pig growth?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

02

How beneficial is the design of the Cage - Dan Hamlet technology?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

03

New piglets for 3 days, go yellow, then white feces, what's the reason?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

04

Why do sows give birth but do not breastfeed?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

05

What should be done to limit diarrhea when converting bran?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

06

Why change bran, pigs or diarrhea?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

07

What is the right barn temperature for piglets?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

01

What is the right barn temperature for piglets?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

02

Why change bran, pigs or diarrhea?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

03

What should be done to limit diarrhea when converting bran?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

04

Why do sows give birth but do not breastfeed?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

05

New piglets for 3 days, go yellow, then white feces, what's the reason?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

06

How beneficial is the design of the Cage - Dan Hamlet technology?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

07

How to use less antibiotics but still ensure pig growth?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

01

How to use less antibiotics but still ensure pig growth?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

02

How beneficial is the design of the Cage - Dan Hamlet technology?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

03

New piglets for 3 days, go yellow, then white feces, what's the reason?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

04

Why do sows give birth but do not breastfeed?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

05

What should be done to limit diarrhea when converting bran?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

06

Why change bran, pigs or diarrhea?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.

07

What is the right barn temperature for piglets?

A balanced diet, and fortified with minerals such as copper and zinc, should be ensured, as well as foods that are acidified. The use of additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, enzymes and herbs, essential oils and plant extracts also requires more attention than before.

Besides, improving the management capacity of the pig farm, this will help avoid many factors that negatively affect the quality of livestock, which is typically the phenomenon of raising too many pigs in cramped cages.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the intestinal microflora, but whether the intestinal microflora works well or not will be determined by the composition of the food. Therefore, pig farmers need to cultivate knowledge about the nutritional content of feed ingredients. For more
Intestinal microbiome specifications swine farmers need to prevent fermentation of indigestible proteins in the large intestine of their pigs. Because this leads to a lack of amino acids in the pig’s body, it will slow down growth, along with high blood urea, and a weakened immune system.